Research: Censorship

Introduction:

There are actions that are taken against media content that contain visual content or lyrics that offend or that are vile etc. This is called censorship and music videos usually get censored.
 This is mainly to save the public from offence or distress.

Warning signs of music:



This logo shows that there may be lyrics within the music video that might be controversial and parents should monitor what they listen to. The reason being for this is because it can promote a bad message.

This logo means that parent should monitor what their children see in music videos they watch. The content might be strongly offensive, violent or disturbing which would be inappropriate fro children to view especially by themselves.

These 2 logos represents the policy of censorship and monitoring of music videos being carried out.

What things do get censored?:

.Sexual violence
.Strong language
.Offensive language
.Religious portrayal
.Solvent/drug abuse
.Sexual act
.Violent lyrics.
.Nudity
.International figures
.Graphic representation and realism
.Images that can corrupt the young
.Shocking Images
.True events
.Race
.culture

Lyrics and radio censorship:

 Bleeping=Bleeping is when a bleep sound is put over a word that is offensive .
Blanking= When the entire word is not heard but the music is heard.
Disc scratching= When a DJ uses a scratch to cover the word.
Repeated=Having the last word said twice instead of the word that is censored.

Difference between censored and banned:

The difference between censored and banned is that censored is when a music video is edited out or the lyrics beeped out to make it appropriate to view and listen to. Banned is when a music video has been completely taken away from viewing along with it's lyrics, due to harmful, offensive and indecent material.

Example:

Rihanna song, 'We found love' had to edit out some scenes due to it's extreme sexual content.

Marilyn Manson's music video 'sAint' was banned due to it's drug use, nudity and it's sexual content.

Advantages of censoring and banning: 

. This saves children from being influenced by disturbing Images and lyrics. Also, it stops the increase of offensive behaviour, preventing discrimination. It can shield the morals of modern society. Protects children from learning things that could harm them and others.

Disadvantages of censoring and banning:

This can increase curiosity among children of what's being censored. Freedom of speech is compromised. Ideas are prevented from flowing freely. The entertainment value of music videos may ne compromised due to banning and censorship. It may be used to block legitimate criticism. There can be different standards of morals across different societies that are different from the ones imposed by censorship. Individuals might not be offended or might have different tastes. Most Importantly, people have a right to hear or see.

Analysis of music video of Dear Stan:

Eminem's music video of 'Dear Stan' had to be censored numerous of times for so many reasons. One of the reason for it's strong language, that's no surprise with the type of rapper Eminem is. But more importantly, the lyrics contained actions which could corrupt the young audience. One of them was when he mentioned the action of slitting his wrists. This action is harmful and could wrongly influence the young audience. Another, lyric that was censored was when the addicted Eminem fan was saying how he placed his pregnant girlfriend in the back of his car, out of frustration from Eminem not returning his letters. This was as he was driving to his death. Also, the music video had some lyrics that could rightly be seen as homophobic, when Eminem says the word 'gay shit' to wonder about his dead fan's belief that they both should be together.

Conclusion:
I will strongly consider the material I include along with my group in our music video. I need to make sure that what is included is not offensive or harmful.

Research: Audience Identification

Introduction:
Audiences are people that are targeted with certain media content including music videos. It is important to know about audiences because they are crucial to the success of a music videos, they decide if a media product is successful or not.Therefore, a survey of the target audience should be carried out before the release of a media product, which could include a music video.

The categorization of audiences:

Audiences can be categorized differently through age, gender ethnicity etc.

 This is a table survey example of a target audience being categorized, so that the people launching the media product can know the specific element of their target audience their aiming their media product towards. People will have to write their age gender and ethnicity as well as ticking their favourite music genres.

         Age          Gender         Ethnicity 





Jazz 

RnB

Hip Hop

Other


The basic categorisation of target audiences:

A= Top management, bankers, lawyers, doctors, and other professions.

B= Middle management, teachers, many 'creatives' eg: graphic designers etc.

C1= Office supervisors, junior managers, nurses, specialist clerical staff etc.

C2= Skilled workers, tradespersons(white collar).

D= Semi skilled and unskilled manual workers(blue collar).

E= Unemployed, students, pensioners, casual workers.



Advantages and disadvantages of categorising audiences:

Advantages of categorising audiences is that it could help makers of a media product (music video) to know what type of market to target. Also, you will have an idea of what certain types of audience are interested in when it comes to music videos. This also helps to make the content of the music suit what the audience are interested in. Most Importantly, you will know what sort of music videos appeal to them based on their interests.

However, there are disadvantages with categorising audiences. There is no consideration that people are different, despite having a similar job or background.

Audience table reactions: How did you find the music video?

Amazing

good

satisfactory

Disappointing

Terrible

Audience Engagement

Audience expectations

Audience Foreknowledge

Audience Identification

Audience placement

This is how an audience interacts with a media text. Different people react in different ways. This links in with Hebdige's theory of subcultures.
These are the expectations an audience has towards an artist and their genre. Conventions of their genre are expected. This links with Goodwin's theory.
This when the audience have knowledge about a music artist, their song and music video.

The way in which the audience relate to the artists. This links in with Dyer's star theory.

How the music/media producers target a particular audience to make them feel that the media product(music video) is made especially for them.


Conclusion:

This information has helped me to know the type of target audience I am aiming my music video towards. My audience will be E, students etc. The reason being is because I usually observe their music interests. Therefore, I will know the music video that will appeal to them.

Research:Hebdige's subcultures

Introduction:

There are different subcultures in music that have to be Identified.


Meaning of subcultures
Subcultures like; Hippies, chavs, skinheads etc. Subcultures of their own accord are a group of people who come together and form an Identity, because they share the same attitudes and values. These subcultural groups are people who are united through common values, systems and tastes. This could be through fashion, politics, music etc. They are a group who are positioned outside culture.

How they are evident in the music industry:

They are evident in the music industry because there are genres that are not mainstream which will therefore make them subcultural. Punk music is a example of a subculture that had strong following outside the mainstream. Punk music is listened to by people who follow the punk culture which includes a spiked hairstyle nose piercings and rebellious behaviour. The same thing with Uk rap music which is usually listened to by 'chavs' this provides a culture of rebellious behaviour, a fashion of hoodies and brand designers.

McCraken:

The postmodern world is full of diversity, dynamism and creativity. If we look at the array of values and ideologies then we cannot say all subcultures come from one culture.

Hebdige:

Even though subcultures appear to be different, deep down they are the same. 'Subculture'  are little cultures as they all do the same thing of resistance. Consumption is an active process, in which different audiences read into the same cultural product.

Many groups are involved in protest and resistance against the mainstream. People can resist mainstream culture and use their interests and views become a subculture.

This theory suggest subcultures, I which people with similar tastes and interests have a different tastes in music due to their social background etc.

Subcultures and History:

`.1950's: Rock n rollers, Beatniks and Teddy boys.

.1960's: Surfers, rude boys, mods, hippies and bikers

.1970's: Skinheads, soul boys, Rasta's, glam rockers, funksters and punks.

.1980's:Heavy metal, hip-hop, casual,Goth's, rave and clubber styles.

Pop stars are constructed to appeal to specific markets with specific values.

The audience are so unpredictable in their likes and dislikes that record companies can never truly know how to target them. X factor is a way in which pop stars are targeted.

In relation to Dyer's Theory:
Subcultures partly relate to Dyer's star theory in the sense of the subcultural niche musician having a lasting significance even though their genre is subcultural outside of the mainstream. Nirvana were a perfect example of a subcultural band that had lasting significance until Kurt Cobain's death.

Nirvana = care free live life to the full, take risks, resisting against commercialism.

Conclusion:

 I will be target my music video towards a mainstream audience that listen to RnB.

Research: Popular Culture

Introduction:

There are different theories that outline their beliefs on popular culture on modern society including music. It is important to understand differences takes on the role of popular

Popular Culture:

Popular culture is a chosen culture based on the taste of ordinary people (who is the audience). The music that is played on the official charts is part of popular culture. Popular culture is what most people want to follow this is emphasised mainly by music.

Music is used in popular culture, as the people that run the music industry targets a mass audience  not only through music but through fashion as well. For example, rappers including French Montana and Kanye West tends to wear brand clothing like Versace, at times when their performing or in their music videos. This influences the mass target audience to follow their styles of fashion, this is the mainstream culture.

Popular culture relates to the morals and values that are held in society, for example the value of giving homosexuals equal rights especially in marriage is widely supported and popular and most of all reinforced in music.

Popular culture tends to be criticized by religious institutions, as they see that popular culture is making society secularized with the morals and values that they hold.


Frankfurt School:

Frankfurt school is a place originally for neo-Marxists. They have their beliefs on how music influences popular culture and how it affects society.

The Frankfurt school believe that popular music is the end product of a production line where everything sound similar. They state that the exploits the mass population(audience) for profit and social control, in the hope that they accept a certain Ideology about the world they are living in.

The music industry promotes absorption everything about these pop stars becomes a commodity; their clothes, images, likes and dislikes etc.

Antonio Gramsci: Hegemony

Antonio Gramsci is a Italian Marxist sociologist.
The idea of hegemony is based on the dominant cultural ideologies that are dominate in society, this strongly applies to music.

In this instance, the bourgeoisie who are the music owners maintain their financial power over the social lower classes by using their major pop stars to persuade the public which s the mainstream audience to accept the world they are living in, through consumerism material that is promoted within the music videos. This is mainly from mainstream media.

However, Hegemony seems to be challenged with the modern day media platforms that usually made to self-publish work on the internet. In the music industry, music that is never played on the mainstream platform, can be played on independent platforms and they could have values that are opposite to the mainstream pop stars.


Theodor Adorno:

Theodor Adorno was a German sociologist, philospher and musicologist.

Adorno states that culture feeds people with the products of a culture industry. This the opposite of a 'true art' to keep the passively satisfied and politically apathetic(no interest).

Adorno adopted the term 'culture industry' to argue that the ways in which cultural Items were produced was analogous(comparable) to how other industries manufactures and vast quantities.

Particularly these features are true in the popular music industry. Products of the culture industry maybe emotional or apparently moving.

Adorno was critical of what they referred to as pseudo.


The mass audience for music are easily manipulated by the major record corporations as well as authoritarian governments. This through their promotion of capitalist material.


Birmingham School:

The Birmingham school is a modern development on the theories on social media, culture and have critiqued older social media theorists.(Frankfurt).

The notable students of the school are:
Richard Hogatt
.Stuart Hall
.Richard Johnson
.Dick Hebdige
.Michael Green.

Hebidge:

Hebdige is against the Ideas of Adorno. Hebdige states that the audience are free to resist the power of large companies by ignoring or finding alternative products to consume.

Often then the audience constructing themselves as distinct from mainstream culture= subcultures.

Major record companies will try and cater for this too and create products that subcultures will consume.

When there is a resistance to popular culture in music subcultures are formed.

Conclusion:
I have learnt about specific theories on the popular culture within music. my opinions on the theory of 'Popular culture' is that it is realistic. I will want to represent my artist in a way that represents subculture.

Research: Dyer's star theory

Introduction:
 The star theory applies to not only music but film as well . This theory is stated by theorist Richard Dyer.

Richard Dyer:

Richard Dyer is a academic professor he states fundamental beliefs that makes the core of his theory, he states that a distinction must be made between those who are simply known for performing pop music and those who are known for being pop stars. Pop performers are described as pop stars, they are usually promoted to this status by their management, this is part of synergy. A true pop star has lasting significance and has 'brand awareness' amongst a wider market over a period of time.



Difference between performer and pop star:
 A performer is someone who is very talented, who does not always have to be famous, they just perform music.

A pop star is someone whose Image is constructed to an audience.



Examples of a pop star and performer:

 Chubby Checker is a example of a performer. He was definitely famous for his performance of his songs most notably the twist song. Further more, he wasn't an Image that was strongly constructed by his record company. Akala is another exampled of a performer, he wasn't part of the mainstream culture but he is well known for his performance of his lyrical ability as a rapper.

 

 

Rihanna is a example of a pop star whose Image is constructed to the mainstream audience. The Image that is constructer of Rihanna is quite seducing especially to males within the mainstream audience. But this influences her appeal, giving her a good chance of  having lasting significance within the mainstream culture.

 

 Stars as construction:

 

Music stars are constructed, this helped by artificial Images if they have a unique selling point to the audience.  TV programmes like the X factor shows us the supposed construction process, how an ordinary person is groomed. Attitudes to the music industry has changed, this is largely due to the way the running of the music industry has changed. Before stars were mainly signed to record labels to show their talent. But nowadays the main purpose of the record company signing a artists is to manufacture the star to make money. Whatever their nature, pop stars must be sold as they are the product of their major record company that they are signed to. There is always someone fresh too someone

 

Examples:

Miley Cyrus is a perfect example of an artist who is manufactured to make money for her record company. This is largely due to the Image she had before as Hannah Montana that she had to grow away from that Image, that came with controversy. Clearly, her current Image is attracting huge audiences meaning she is marketable for her record company to make profit of her.

Industry and Audience:

The music Industry's purpose is to make profit out of the star. This will mean the Industry will have to survey their target audience for a particular star to make them appealing and marketable for their audience to buy into them as a product rather than a famous pop star. Further more, the pop star wouldn't be attracting audiences just through music, it will be have to be through other ventures like acting, fashion etc.



Example:

Doctor Dre is a perfect example of a pop star who has managed to attract audiences through other ventures most notably his entrepreneurship of his headphones the Doctor Dre which sold billions of dollars and later on being sold to apple for $3 billion. This has helped him to be more attracting to his target audience and he is manufactured by his record company to produce profit by attracting his target audience not only from his music but other talents.

 

 

 Ideology and Culture:

 

Shared cultural attitudes and values are represented by the pop stars, a certain Ideology is promoted. Cultural attitudes and values that are popular within society will have to be supported by the pop artist or else the pop artist could risk losing their fan base if they don't support the popular  attitudes and values that society has.

 

 

Examples:

 

Katy Perry is a huge pop star that supports the current values and attitudes of society. For instance, Katy Perry has portrayed her support for the LGBT community as she is a gay rights activist supporting Stonewall. She also has expressed this value in one of her songs 'I kissed a girl'. This has influenced her popularity amongst her target audience and has partly attracted more people to her for her Ideology and culture belief in LGBT.

 

Character and Personality:

Stars need to have a character and personality to be able to attract their target audience. In other words, they need to stand out to make themselves noticeable . The pop star's character and personality is part of their Image that they are constructed to by their record companies. Usually an artist will show their personality and character through their music. As Richard Dyer explains even though the pop star is a construct there is a foundation of realism. The audience is provided with by the star of what people are 'supposed to be like'. Stars may support hegemony.

 

 

 

Example of a pop star with character and personality:

 

Lady gaga is an example of a pop star who publicly shows her personality and character. Her personality it quite weird and controversial but this is what makes her appealing to her target audience. For instance on twitter she calls her followers my 'little monsters'. This represents her weird personality along with her controversial actions. One of her controversial actions was when she was seen wearing a meat dress at the MTV awards in 2010. In addition, her character and personality has had a influence in her support for LGBT, the fact that her character and personality is to be expressive and open controversial or not. 

 

 

Conclusion:

 

This post has shown me the importance Dyer's star theory has when it comes to the music industry and how pop star's Image is constructed to the mainstream audience. This has also helped understand the different categories that comes with the Image of the pop star.

Research: Star Image

Introduction:
Star Image is the way an artist is represented to the audience. The most effective way to carry this out is through music videos as this can reach a mainstream and international audience. The star Image of a artist can change over the years.

Benefits of music videos on an artist's career:
Music videos can help boost an artist career, with them landing a major record deal, as the record company can see the potential of versatility of the artist in the music video. The artist can build and develop a fan base. The music video could also influence them in landing global sponsorship deals.

Case Study:
 Michael Jackson is an artist whose star Image has changed over the years.

Childhood:
When Michael Jackson started singing in the Jackson 5 in 1966 along with his brothers, it was where he started to make his legacy in music in his childhood. Michael Jackson being with the Jackson 5 was appealing to a variety of target audiences from 4-12 to over 50. Michael Jackson attracted a fan base to his family influence in being a lead singer of the Jackson 5. More Importantly his childlike appearance made him appealing to every aged target audience. At this point his child figure was his star Image. This was with songs like ABC, I want you back etc. Despite his early success, Jackson felt very isolated in his private life he seemed to be robbed of his childhood and he didn't have good relations with his father either.

Late Teens:
As Michael Jackson was getting older his fan base changed even though he was still with Jackson 5. He started to again more of a teenage audience as he included choreographed dancing and flirting that was attractive to the audience. This was with hits like Blame it on the boogie, Can you feel it etc. Clearly he was the start attraction of Jackson 5.

Young adult in his prime:
When Michael Jackson left Jackson 5, he added versatility to his star Image. He reinvented himself and showed a new side to the audience that grew up listening to him. This was when he started to enter the peak of his career. Michael Jackson then added the famous moonwalk move to his star Image. He was coming into his own which made him appealing to millions of music fans a round the world, helping him sell billions of records as well as being sponsored by various companies including Pepsi. This was despite the fact that he had unfortunate circumstances in his career, like when his hair got burnt during rehearsal. Michael Jackson was regarded as the king of pop. This was largely because of his use of his famous silver glove and the tip toe move which made him unique. This was while he made his famous singles: Bad, smooth criminal, man in the mirror etc. At the same time Michael was promoting moral issues through his songs like "man in the mirror and heal the world".

Later years:
When scandals started to surround Michael Jackson, he lost his loyal audience, more Importantly fans that grew up with him. This made Michael Jackson lose his star Image and it never came back until his tragic death in 2009 from a cardiac arrest. In the later years of his life before he died, despite the fact that he lost the majority of his fan base due to scandals and various incidents, he managed to make songs that were still appealing and that were influenced partly by what was going on in his life. One of his main songs at this time was "They don't really care about us". This song could have been influenced by the way he was treated by his accusers and his label company Sony. As a result the song was censored, Michael Jackson still had a star Image but it became more political and revolutionary as he later on left his label Sony.

Michael Jackson had a star Image that was: Moral, social and political.

Kylie Minogue:

Late 1980's:

Kylie Minogue was first recognised through her acting in Australian TV soap Neighbours. She eventually gained recognition  in the late 1980's. Minogue was in her late teens when she became known. Her appearance showed the innocent girl look with baggy jeans and not much make up. Her target audience was young teens and children specifically girls. One of her hits at the time was 'I could be so lucky'. This was her star Image at the time.

1990's:

As Kylie Minogue was getting older, her target audience was growing with her. She began to look more attractive, meaning she was attracting more boys. Her star Image was changing, as she was looking more glamorous as well as physically attractive. Her dance routine was changing to a choreographed routine where she was the centre of attention, this was aiding her star Image. Her singles include 'If you were with me now'.

Late 1990's:

Kylie Minogue had attracted a wide male audience due to her looks. Her appearance became sexy and daring her values had drastically changed promoting independence and flirting.  Her hits included 'Did it again'.

2000's:

Kylie Minogue then had a target audience of young adults in their 20's. Kylie's appearance was very sexual, aggressive and intimidating. Minogue was promoting the value of confidence. She had entered her peak of her music career. Kylie Minogue had managed to reinvent her star Image as she was getting older. Despite the fact that she was getting older her Image became more appealing. Her hits included her most famous song 'I just can't get you out of my head'.

Use of music videos:

Artists can use music videos to either exploit or to feel comfortable about their sexuality, star Image and sexual desires. These are artists like Katy Perry, Cheryl Cole, Azelia Banks etc.

Different types of star Image:

Political: Some artists can use their music videos to express their political views to the audience. Artists like Lowkey. Lowkey represents his political Image when he raps about the secret unjust ways the US government are working under Barack Obama. This explains the title of the song Obamanation.

Moral: Other artists will use their music videos to express their moral beliefs and opinions to their target audience. Artists like the late Michael Jackson. Michael Jackson in his song "Earth Song" shows his moral values when singing abut the wars and natural disasters that have occurred on the earth, what going to happen to all the survivors.

Social: There are artists who would use their music videos to promote their social beliefs and opinions to their target audience. Their Ideologies and lifestyles. Katy Perry for instance. We live in a modern society where the LGBT community is promoted and Katy Perry clearly shows this value in her song 'I kissed a girl'. This shows the audience the social star Image Katy Perry has.

Conclusion:  Star Image can help a artist appeal to their target audience, helping them sell more records and making more profit. I would probably represent my star in a social Image as this is what most people either sing or rap about in these modern times. To be specific I will represent my artist in a social Image with a dilemma he finds himself in.

Research:Mulvey's Male Gaze

 Introduction:

The male gaze is a theory that was introduced by feminist Laura Mulvey. This theory is applied to the conventional music videos within the mainstream. This theory reflects on how women are mainly represented in music videos.

Origin of Mulvey's male gaze:

Laura Mulvey is a British feminist film theorist and current professor of film and media studies at the Birbeck University of London, she had worked at the British film institute for many years. Her theory states that the audience are viewing the characters within a music video from the heterosexual male perspective, she believed women were looked at by men for visual pleasure. She also believed that when it comes to sexual themes being portrayed men were always active while women were always passive. In other words, women had accepted the sexual way women were portraying theme in music videos.

Examples of music videos that portray Mulvey's male gaze:

Blurred lines by Robin Thicke, T.I and Pharell Williams:

The music video clearly portrays the way females are sexually looked at by men. The music videos shows females half naked, wearing small tight vests and knickers. The camera tilts downwards to view the bottom and hips of the females within the music video. The lyrics in the music video had reinforced the theory of male gaze mainly when the lyrics say."I know you want it...your a good girl".
This song and music video was banned in various institutions because It claimed that the lyrics mainly the one I was quoting had promoted rape culture. Also, writer Tricia Romano from The Daily Beast claimed that many female fans were uncomfortable with the music video as well as the song. She also stated that the music video trivialized sexual content.

 Tip drill by Nelly:

The rapper Nelly released his song Tip Drill in 2003. The music video sparked anger especially across the African American community. The music video was originally banned due to it's strong sexual content. Throughout  the music video females are shown in bikinis, some of them are even naked and having sexual interactions with each other. The camera zooms in on the buttocks of the half naked females in the music videos and at one point Nelly swipes a card on the bum of a female and leaves the bum bouncing. The music video had strongly portrayed the male gaze as it was widely criticized for it's degrading of black women.

Baby got back by Mack Daddy:

The song clearly portrays the male gaze theory, especially through the title of the song which refers to the bum of attractive females. In the music video, the camera zooms on the bum of a attractive female dancer. Also an aerial shot is taken when female dancers are in a circle at shaking their bottoms. At one point in the song the rapper Mack daddy is shown standing on a form of a female bottom. Furthermore, an aerial shot is taken of the Dj mixing with the form of a female bottom at the centre. The lyrics within the music video are strongly focus on the sexual bodies of females. The camera used within the music could well argued that it is viewed from a heterosexual male point of view.
How the camera represents the females:
You can clearly see the way the camera is representing women in these music videos, which is as sexual objects as they take close up shots of the bottoms of the attractive females, which seems to be main cinematography that is used. This is as well as the panning shots and the zoom shots which are other shots used in the music videos to emphasize the attractive bodies of the females.


Others ways Mulvey's gaze is used:
How ever female dancers and artists would use Mulvey's Gaze theory to empower themselves. This can be done with a message that they are proud of their bodies having seductive power over men. The theory can also be used to promote the health that is shown with the bodies of the female artists. Furthermore, the theory could indirectly make females looks at themselves as pivotal for the music industry, as they are continually being used for the music videos.

Evaluation of the 3 music videos:

All 3 music videos clearly back up the theory of Laura Mulvey (male gaze), with all the females in the music videos being passive with the way the men are looking at them in a sexual way. There is no resistance to it by the females in the music video.

Criticisms of the theory:

There are aspects of the male gaze theory that will be criticised. The theory seems to ignore the way men are sexually looked at by women in some music videos. For example, in Jennifer Lopez song featuring French Montana 'I luv u papi', men are being sexually viewed by women in the music video until the appearance of French Montana.


This gives the impression that the theory has a double standard when it comes to genders being sexually objectified. The theory doesn't address the sexual viewing from a female perspective.
Further more, the theory doesn't seem to acknowledge the choice female dancers make to appear in the music videos. In addition, the theory doesn't seem to take in mind the opinions of all female viewers towards the music videos where the theory is being portrayed.   


Conclusion:

There is a small chance that I could use the 'male gaze' in my music video as it is likely that females will appear in my music video. If I do use females for the music video, I would not want to represent them  too much in a sexual way, even though their beauty will be portrayed.

Research:Music video channels

Introduction:

Music video channels are important the reason being is because, it influences a artist attracting a new fan base. Furthermore, music channels can play music that attracts a specific target audience. Music channels have been crucial in the development of music in the last century.

Music Channels Today:
In modern times, there are so many music channels that the audience can access whether it is on TV or the internet. The purpose of today's mainstream music channels is to suit the taste of most people among It's target audience. Before the last 40 years there was hardly any music channels on television, for people to view. The music that was played was always limited to the  TV stations that were available to watch. But nowadays there are lots of music platforms that are shown on television like MTV and 4music.

Music channels and Synergy:

There are music channels that give to entertainment as well as music. For example MTV despite their main priority for promoting music that is mainstream, they have airtime for Tv shows that is popular Geordie Shore is a perfect example. The same applies to VIVA, another channel know for it's music . They also show TV programmes of entertainment including Scrubs, My wife and kids and SpongeBob square pants. Music channels tend to do this to be diverse and suit the taste and needs of everyone in the viewing audience.

Examples of TV channels:

 

 

Underrepresentation of Music Channels:

 

There are genres that are underrepresented largely because the TV channel is on a low budget. For Instance, channel AKA, is very well known among the British young audience. But the fact that it is on a low budget, connotes the fact that the genre it portrays (Usually Grime music), is a underrepresented genre in the mainstream, even though it is slowly gaining recognition. Genres are also underrepresented due to It's bad portrayal. Grime had been badly portrayed with It's so called gun violence over the years, influencing it underrepresentation. Other genres that have been underrepresented in the mainstream are: Folk music, Country music(even though the genre has a popular following in USA), Afro music(jazz and beatz) and Ska. Channels that will show these genres are most likely going to be a low budget.

 

Advantages of having music channels:

 Having music channels could increase the fan base of an upcoming artist, other known artists would want to work with the artist. The downloads of the song that the music video is showing could increase for the artists. The music channels playing the music video will influence the airplay on the radio. The artist can make more profit due to the music video being played on the music channel. Also, the artist can land a Major record deal as a result of this.

 

Music videos that are available today:

The music videos that are available today include genres that are subcultural and niche. These genres include: Jazz, country music, grime, garage, Ska ,alternative etc. This has allowed people to explore artists from genres that they don't usually listen to. This allows recognition of niche genres to be respected and awarded. This can be beneficial for mainstream music institutions as representing niche genres can bring them a new audiences.

 

Sister channels and it's benefits:

There are mainstream music institutions that have sister channels, mainly because they can afford it. Mtv has sister channels like Mtv classics, Mtv rocks, Mtv dance etc. 4music also have it with channel 4. The benefits of having sister channels is that more profit is made as well as new audiences being attracted.     

 

 

 

Conclusion:

The channels my music video will be played on will be channel AKA. This is because the channel mainly plays grime, and I am a huge admirer of the genre. Hwever, because I'm a member of a group I need to consider other options of the genres we can do. So I will probably not do a grime music video.

 



Research: Intertexuality in music videos.

Introduction:

Intertexuality in music videos is highly common. This is when a music video make a reference to another popular music video, film etc. Goodwin mentions that this is part of his 8 theories that make a music video.

Examples of Intertextuality: 

In the music video of 2pac's song of 'Gangsta party'. A Intertextual reference is made to the movie 'Scarface'. This occurs when 2pac is in a discussion with parody figures of Biggie Smalls and P.Diddy over the November 1994 shooting. This part of the music video refers to the movie when Tony is in a discussion with his alleged killer before shooting him to death.

 

Another example of a famous Intertextuality that was used was in Eminem's song 'My name is'. Towards the end of the song Eminem Imitates President Bill Clinton, Marilyn Manson and others. The music video was quite controversial partly due to these Intertextual references that were made in the music video. Specifically Eminem's imitation of Bill Clinton as towards the end of  music video, he as Bill Clinton leaves he stage after pulling his trousers up, and a lady appears, she looks like Monica Lewinsky the lady who Bill Clinton had sexual encounters with.

 

 

 

 

A third example of this is in Katy Perry's song 'Thank God It's Friday'. Katy Perry makes references to the style and culture of living in the 1980's. This is with the way she and others are dressed in the music video. Further more, the opening and ending credits of the music video are writing in a font that was the main style of the 1980's . The music video starts like the beginning of a movie where most people consider it the best decade for movies.

Advantages of Intertextual references:

The music video would be made more appealing if a Intertextual reference that is well known is used. This could influence the amount of profit made. This could also increase the fan base of the artist if they referencing something that is popular.

Disadvantages of Intertextual references:

The Intertextual reference could be strongly offensive to the audience or could have no relation. This could damage the reputation of the artist.

Conclusion:
I am not planning to use Intertextuality because I don't want to take the risk of being offensive. Also, it is very hard to carry out.